What Is the Purpose of a Signal Phrase

In English grammar, a  signal phrase is a  phrase, clause, or sentence that introduces a quotation, paraphrase, or summary. Its also called a quotative frame  or a dialogue guide. A signal phrase includes a verb  (such as said  or wrote) along with the name of the person whos being quoted. Although a signal phrase most often appears before a quotation, the phrase may instead come after it or in the middle of it.  Editors  and  style guides  generally advise writers to vary the positions of signal phrases to improve readability throughout a text. Examples of How to Vary Signal Phrases Maya Angelou said, Start loving yourself before you ask someone else to love you.Start loving yourself before you ask someone else to love you,  Maya Angelou said.Start loving yourself,  Maya Angelou said, before you ask someone else to love you.As Mark Twain  observed, Keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions.According to Frito-Lay research, women snack only 14 percent ...The candidate  insisted that  the tariff must be reduced to a competitive basis and taxes ...Undernourished children have long been India’s scourge—â€Å"a national shame,†Ã‚  in the words of  its prime minister  ... Common signal phrase verbs include the following: argue, assert, claim, comment, confirm, contend, declare, deny, emphasize, illustrate, imply, insist, note, observe, point out, report, respond, say, suggest, think, and write. Context, Flow, and Citation In nonfiction, signal phrases are used to give attribution rather than set off dialogue. They are important to use when you are paraphrasing or quoting someones ideas other than your own, as at best its intellectually dishonest if not plagiarism to do so, depending on the amount of text used and how closely it mirrors the original text. A  signal phrase  usually names the author of the source and often provides some context for the source material. The first time you mention an author, use the full name: Shelby Foote argues. ... When you refer to the author again, you may use  the last name only: Foote raises an important question.A signal phrase indicates  the boundary between your words and the sources words.(Diana Hacker and Nancy Sommers, A Pocket Style Manual, 6th ed.  Macmillan, 2012) Readers should never be in doubt about your use of a source.  Your frame can introduce, interrupt, follow, or even surround the words or ideas taken from sources, but be sure that your  signal phrases are  grammatical and lead naturally into the material.(John J. Ruszkiewicz and Jay T. Dolmage, How to Write Anything: A Guide and Reference With Readings. Macmillan, 2010) If we mention the authors name in the text in a  signal phrase  (According to Richard Lanham ...), then the parenthetical  citation  includes the page number only (18). If we use more than one work by an author, and we have identified his or her name in the text, our parenthetical citation must include a short title of the work cited and a page number ( Style  18).(Scott Rice,  Right Words, Right Places. Wadsworth, 1993) You ... need to integrate borrowed material naturally into your own work so that it reads smoothly as part of your paper. ... Leaving the  signal phrase  out results in an error known as  dropped  quotation. Dropped quotations appear out of nowhere. They can confuse your reader and interrupt the flow of your own writing.(Luis A. Nazario, Deborah D. Borchers, and William F. Lewis,  Bridges to Better Writing, 2nd ed. Cengage, 2013) Punctuating Signal Phrases Punctuating signal phrases in a sentence is simple and straightforward. If the quotation begins the sentence, the words telling who is speaking ... are set off with a comma  unless the quotation ends with a question mark or an exclamation point. ... I didnt even know it was broken, I said.Do you have any questions? she asked.You mean I can go! I answered excitedly.Yes, she said, consider this just a warning. Notice that most of the previous quotations begin with a capital letter. But when a quotation is interrupted by a signal phrase, the second part doesnt begin with a capital letter unless the second part is a new sentence.(Paige Wilson and Teresa Ferster Glazier,  The Least You Should Know About English: Writing Skills, 12th ed. Cengage, 2015)

Rape And Sexual Assault Rates - 942 Words

Not too surprisingly, Richardson and Shields found that sexual assault rates are â€Å"3.1 to 4.4 times higher at the most permissive colleges and universities than their more restrictive counterparts†. The strict enforcing of alcohol bans can reduce sexual assault incidents. Socially regulated environments such as those found in religious schools do in fact keep the incidents of rape and sexual assault down. However Richardson and Shields points out that this is not because these schools effectively condemned rape, but rather the restricted environment keeps students in check. However, effectively enforcing alcohol bans as well as bans on overnight guest stays between males and females reduce rape and sexual assault rates â€Å"only modestly†. The two researchers stressed that educating students on the links between alcohol and sexual abuse. Coupling well enforced alcohol and overnight guest bans with effective education, security and counselling can dramatically bring down the numbers and incidence of rape and sexual assaults on campus. With strict enforcement of the rules, there should also be compassionate counseling for victims. The DOJ report set up to 80 percent of campus rapes goes unreported. In addition, the DOJ states that victims of rape on college campuses may not report the incident because many of them who consumed alcohol would be in violation of alcohol bans and policies. The use of alcohol also causes victims to be unsure whether an actual rape happened or wasShow MoreRelatedAn Anonymous Rape Survivor s Story1721 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"It wasn’t rape you were being such a tease.† â€Å"NO I said. I covered my vagina with both of my hands and I said NO! I was with a close male friend and I thought I was safe. I thought I was safe when I went out drinking with said friend and I thought I was safe when we went to my place to â€Å"hangout.† This is an anonymous rape survivor’s story. These common occurrences affect a fair portion of the population in Missoula, in compa rison to the national average, and something should be done. There is alsoRead MoreSexual Assault On College Campuses1394 Words   |  6 PagesSexual assault on college campuses is an extensive topic that has concerned people for many years. The high rates and the case report cover-ups have brought about many varying opinions. Many people believe in changing the college framework to establish universities that are better equipped to deal with this issue. Others feel that the problem could be addressed by changing society’s outlook on crimes like these. While another group feels that the problem is in how we define rape. Despite these differencesRead MoreThe Effects Of Sexual Assault On College Campuses1610 Words   |  7 PagesA common worry of female freshman is the threat of sexual assault victimization on her college campus. Although the emotional treatment of sexual victimization is prevalent on campuses nationwide, research has neglected to explore the effect the assau lt has on academic performance (Faravelli, Guigni, Salvatori, Ricci, 2004). Can being sexually victimized within the first or second semester of a female’s freshman year of college negatively impact academic performance? Current research has shownRead MoreSexual Assault Against Women During The United States1381 Words   |  6 Pages Sexual Assault Against Women in the United States Zoe Williams SOCY 100: Introduction to Sociology Montgomery College September 26, 2014 â€Æ' Violence against women has been ever-present throughout time and place in our world and in recorded history. Although violence against women encompasses a whole range of related acts, rape and sexual assault perpetrated against women is the focus of this paper. Men and boys are also victims of sexual assault, but the numbers of women who are sexualRead MoreRape And Sexual Assault And Rape955 Words   |  4 PagesRapes and sexual assaults have become issues more and more in our society. Society has become more aware of these types of crimes. For a long time, there was only rape, now it is less broad than just that. Individuals, government bodies and school have all decided to work together and individually on lessening the crime. Studies have revealed many shocking statistics that have pushed society to act against these crimes. Below, I will be explaining what exactly is rape and sexual assault, how theyRead MoreHow Undergraduate College Women in the United States Perceive Rape an d Sexual Assault671 Words   |  3 PagesBackground: The rates of casual sexual encounters, ‘hook-ups’, and casual relationships are on the rise in young adults in North America. The majority of US college students have engaged in at least one hook-up while over half report that they have also engaged in some type of casual sex. However, the situations in which students experience unwanted sexual encounters are also shifting. It is implied that since the rates of date rape have decreased, yet rates of sexual assault have remained the sameRead MoreLack Of Rape Kits On College Campuses Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pages Lack of Rape Kits on College Campuses A Senior Project Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of Waiakea High School In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Senior Project Shania M. Rapoza Public Services Academy Capstone Mr. Joel Wagner-Wright August 23, 2016 Shania Rapoza Joel Wagner-Wright PSA Capstone 23 August 2016 Words: 1273 Lack of Rape Kits on College Campuses â€Å"What is the point of having a national DNA database, if the rapist s DNA is never entered into it?† (â€Å"PatternRead MoreSexual Victimization And The Campus Climate Survey Validation Study843 Words   |  4 PagesConsiderable interest has been paid to the occurrence of sexual acts on U.S. university campuses in the past decade. The Clery Act pushed for a greater focus on the prevention of and the response to campus sexual victimization. Campus crime statistics were to be made publicly accessible in efforts to increase transparency between universities and students. Rape figures collected from postsecondary institutions have been increasing since data collection began in 2001. As of 2014, four-year or aboveRead MoreEssay on Military Sexual Assault: The Invisible War by T.K. Barwlow1711 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Department of Defense has undeniably raised many questions about its ethics and treatment toward both civilians and fellow members of the Armed Forces alike. One recent scandal, which would now appear to be becoming the standard, is that of sexual assault within the military. However, due to a campaign of awareness, grassroots activism, and pressuring elected officials to do what is right, things are now beginning to change. It can, and has, been argued that the military justice system is flawedRead MoreRates of Violence619 Words   |  3 PagesRates of Violence Introduction Crime, according to Emile Durkheim, is a normal component of society. The iconic psychologist said that in the 19th century. But crime is considered abnormal in England, the United States, and in Canada; this paper presents data on the three nations mentioned above. United States Murder: According to the FBI, there were an estimated 14,748 individuals murdered in 2010 in the U.S., which is down by 4.2 percent from 2009. There were 4.8 murders per 100,000 inhabitants

A Critique of Star Wars Essay Example For Students

A Critique of Star Wars Essay This examination also includes a bit of the structuralism approach for its coverage of hidden symbolism, how the cinematic techniques that were used enhanced the storyline, and framing. There is also one instance of an tourists approach in which a similar elemental preference is discussed that is found within movies the director, George Lucas, creates. Every successful film needs to have an intriguing storyline that peaks the curiosity of the audience and holds their attention captive. It story is what happens in a movie, the plot is how it happens. (Goodnight Jacobs, 2011), The storyline of Star Wars is of an orphaned boy who searches for his identity and accepts his fate in joining the Rebellion to fight the evil empire, The plot of Star Wars starts with a distress call from Princess Leila that Luke Sky. Valier stumbles upon. This message puts Luke on a journey to become a Jed using The Force. Luke and his mentor, Obi-Wan Kenton, employ the help of a smuggler, Han Solo, and his sh ipmate, Chewable, to transport them onboard the Death Star. Luke and Obi-Wan attempt to board the Death Star undetected in order to rescue Princess Leila- The plot Of the film is set in chronological order, meaning the events in the plot of the movie follow the same order (although not necessarily the same duration) Of real time. (Goodnight Jacobs, 2011). The setting of Star Wars takes place mostly on a desert planet, Likes home planet of Taxation, and in outer space. The main character is Luke Jaywalker, who is the protagonist of the film. In the beginning of the film, the audience easily understands the naivety of Luke. By demonstrating his naivety, the audience will be able to understand the struggle he will make to overcome his fears and doubts. The antagonist of the film is the vile Dart Evader, who is in control over his empire. After many years of fighting the rebellion, Dart Evader discovers Luke and senses his strong use Of The Force. After his discovery to Luke, Dart Evader concentrates on capturing him. The main conflict is between the evil empire and the Rebel forces, The film also uses symbolism. For example, the colors black and white are symbolically used along with religious symbolism. Dark (black) clothing is commonly used to symbolize bad characters such as Dart Evader, who avers black. White clothing is commonly used to symbolize good characters such as what Luke is wearing t the end of the film as he is rescuing Princess Leila. Religious symbolism is displayed Whenever The Force is used throughout the movie. The idea that is conveyed to the audience is that anyone who uses The Force is putting their trust in it rather than What they see. An example Of this is when Luke turned Off his guidance system in his ship and instead used The Force to guide himself through the nooks and crannies Of a planet. (Goodnight Jacobs, 2011). The actors that were used included a mixture of two different types. The personality actor, an actor with a strong personality, was Harrison Ford that laded the character of Han Solo. Han Solo is the classic tough guy that believes in fighting the old-fashioned way, charging in with guns blazing. Films with strong personality actors can make it difficult for audiences to differentiate between the actor and the character. (Goodnight Jacobs, 201 1), The other type of actors used are character actors that are Mark Hamlin that played Luke Jaywalker, Carrie Fisher that played princess Leila, and Aleck Guinness that played Obi-Wan Kenton. Even though Luke Jaywalker is the main character of the movie, he does not have the experiences of Han Solo that would make him nonevent and bold. What makes Luke Ja ywalker special is that he makes bold and courageous choices despite his inexperience. Carrie V-Asher was a relatively unknown actor that had been in a small handful of roles before Star Wars. Aleck Guinness had roles in many movies before Star Wars, mostly as supporting characters much like Obi-Wan Kenton. Similar to Aleck Guinness, Mark Hamlin played in many supporting roles that were mostly On television shows. Character actors are able to fit into a wide variety of characters and have adopted to the needs Of the script. (Goodnight Jacobs, 2011). Cinematography and editing make its own contribution into bringing the storyline to life for the audience. Human Emotion in Equilibrium EssayIt is also discovered that Obi-Wan Kenton was a general that served in the Clone Wars under Princess Leis father. Another idea tooth sound development was that George Lucas paired TXT with the Dolly Digital Surround Sound This was done in order to create the best possible sound coupled with the best possible image for the audience. Most of the movie theaters at the time of the release of Star Wars were monaural sound, or sound that comes from a single (mono) source? (Goodnight Jacobs, 201 1), TXT sets the frequency range of the speakers in the movie theater for an even distribution, sets guidelines for room acoustics, reverberation time and background noise, and noise isolation, viewing angles, projectors and onscreen lighting levels. The Dolly optical stereo that came out in the late 19705 gave theaters the surround mound which was the placement of speakers all around the theater so that audiences get the impression that some sounds are coming fr om all around them. (Goodnight Jacobs, 2011). Star Wars was a reflection of society but the movie also had an effect on society. Star Wars was released in 1977, at a time when unemployment was up, many lives were lost in the Vietnam War, and President Richard Nixon had just resigned. (Monopolies, 2007). At such a dismal time in society, people tend to crave an outlet that allows them to forget about the stress of everyday life. People also yearn for heroes that courageously fight against evil. The movie Star Wars provided such a fantasy escape filled with motivating inspiration in its good versus evil storyline. Star Wars is considered a fantasy film but it would better fit in a science fiction fantasy submerge. Society does not live in outer space, does not travel from planet to planet, does not have spaceship capability, nor does it have the ability to use the Force, The ripple effect that Star Wars has had on society since its release has been tremendous. Fans of the movie have echoed a thousand times their favorite lines from the movie, children have decorated their moms in Star Wars accessories, fan clubs were created, and national conventions are still celebrated. The revenue that was earned from the blockbuster hits, Star Wars and Jaws, allowed movie theaters to build multiplexes. For the first time, film merchandising became popular and tie-in campaigns with fast food restaurants started. Right after its release, Star Wars collaborated with Burger King to initiate its first tie-in campaign. Burger King offered its customers the option to purchase Star Wars collectors drinking glasses. (Rebellious, 2013). The imaginary Pennons and other technology that Vass used in the film made a monumental impression on many fans. The technology that was used laid out blueprints for fans to make into a reality. The creation Of Mr.. Lucas company Industrial, Light Magic (ELM) has been used in an astounding number of 238 movies since its creation. (Industrial, Light Magic, 2010). The director of Star Wars is George Lucas. Previously to Star Wars, Lucas had only directed a number of short documentaries with a couple of his own movies, TXT 1138 and American Graffiti. George Lucas is the type of director that pays great attention to detail with the sound effects and graphics for the storyline, In sense, he could be considered an auteur director because of the fact that he prefers to include similar sound and special effects within his movies, The auteur theory implies that the author is ultimately the author of the film, imposing onto it his or her unique vision for the film, (Goodnight Jacobs, 2011). Lucas not only directed the movie but he also wrote Therefore, it would explain his attention to detail in bringing to life his written story. The stunning success of Star Wars has made an impressive impact on society by creating fans of all ages and national conventions that tans keep on celebrating. The film industry has been forever altered by the revolutionary technology that was created for Star Wars and continues to be replicated voting other films.

The History of the Drumset Essay Example For Students

The History of the Drumset Essay The History of the DrumsetDrums are among the most ancient and diverse of all musical instruments (Jaffe 2). The power of the rhythm and drums has long been respected (2). The drumset however, in its current configuration, is a relatively recent addition to the percussionists repertoire. It has only been in existence since around the 1930s (Aldriage 5). This information introduces the question of how did the drumset evolve to its current condition? In his book Guide to Vintage Drums, John Aldriage states the evolution of the drumset has been a one step forward, two steps back proposition from the start, with trends coming and going and repeating themselves later (30). That statement just barely begins to illustrate the extensive past behind the history of the drumset. We will write a custom essay on The History of the Drumset specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The influence that Africa had can be traced back to the drumsets earliest forms. That influence was originally brought over by the North American slave trade. The slave trade brought over new percussion ideas and instruments. When Americans saw those instruments they began to create different versions of them, which would later evolve to be part of the percussionists repertoire. For example, the dundun. The dundun is an hourglass-shaped, two-headed drum whose twin heads are laced together by thongs of gut or leather (Hart, 52). By manipulating the tension on these thongs a player can alter the pitch of the tone he is making, thus enabling the dundun to talk, or produce tones that sound like words (52). This allows him to communicate with neighboring tribes (52). Americans took this idea and converted it into a single-head drum, constructed of brass, in which a foot pedal altered the pitch of the drum. This drum was first called the kettledrum and was later renamed to the timpani drum (Early Percussion). Another influence to the drumset was the symphonic percussion instruments. These instruments originated in the European area. They spanned a wide array of instruments such as mallet percussion, timpani, bass drums, woodblocks, cymbals, knick nacks used to create sound effects, and many others. The last main influence to the drumset was the early (1790s-1890s) marching percussion instruments. The primary reason for a marching percussion section was to provide a tempo for troops to march along with. Every modern army at the time developed a drum language to control the flow of the troops, whether they were marching between camps or in battle (Hart 51). The two primary instruments in this section were the snare and bass drums. This required a minimum of two players. Up until the late 1800s bands required 2 or 3 percussionists to cover all of the parts. In the early 1900s percussionists began to play with brass bands. To accommodate the lack of space, a set-up to have one drummer play three parts was created (Falzerano 22). Drummers used elements from around the world to create a new instrument originally known as a contraption, later shortened to the trapset (Hart 184). The early configuration standards for a trapset consisted of a snare drum, bass drum, and a cymbal that were all struck with the drummers sticks. Later on drummers began ransacking the percussive inventory (184). They took elements from all over the planet (184). The first addition to the drumset after the bass drum, cymbal, and snare drum were the sound effects (Aldriage 11). The most important of the sound effects added to the trapset were the chinese toms. They were relatively thin and about 10 inches in diameter. On each side they had a batter head that was held to they shell of the drum by tacs. On each individual head there was a painting of various chinese figures. (Barclay, Lecture)Shortly following the new additions they began to develop ways to simplify their playing and to involve their legs. This included the first and probably most significant addition to the percussionists repertoire, the bass drum pedal. The first bass pedal was patented on March13, 1894 (Barclay, Lecture). The bass pedal now allowed the player to use both hands to strike other aspects of his/her trapset rather than using one hand to strike the bass drum. This opened a much wider range of what an individual was now able to accomplish. When the bass pedal was accepted, the design to make a pedal to operate the cymbals was created (Aldriage 5). The first design was dubbed the snow-shoe and was simply a pair of shoe shaped boards with cymbals attached (22). The invention of the snow-shoe led to a more suitable and modern design that stood approximately 10inches off of the floor (22). I t was nicknamed the low boy and was first manufactured by the Walberg and Auge Co. (22). .uc63ad71715af1a4692739b000c05af55 , .uc63ad71715af1a4692739b000c05af55 .postImageUrl , .uc63ad71715af1a4692739b000c05af55 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc63ad71715af1a4692739b000c05af55 , .uc63ad71715af1a4692739b000c05af55:hover , .uc63ad71715af1a4692739b000c05af55:visited , .uc63ad71715af1a4692739b000c05af55:active { border:0!important; } .uc63ad71715af1a4692739b000c05af55 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc63ad71715af1a4692739b000c05af55 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc63ad71715af1a4692739b000c05af55:active , .uc63ad71715af1a4692739b000c05af55:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc63ad71715af1a4692739b000c05af55 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc63ad71715af1a4692739b000c05af55 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc63ad71715af1a4692739b000c05af55 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc63ad71715af1a4692739b000c05af55 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc63ad71715af1a4692739b000c05af55:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc63ad71715af1a4692739b000c05af55 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc63ad71715af1a4692739b000c05af55 .uc63ad71715af1a4692739b000c05af55-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc63ad71715af1a4692739b000c05af55:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pearl Harbor Attacked EssayWith all of these inventions and other additions a trend was starting to be revealed throughout the drumming community. Around the 1930s the new standard configuration consisted of the cymbals, snare drum, bass drum, and both foot pedals (Aldriage 13). Also around this time the name was slightly altered again. It was changed from the trapset to its current name, the drumset. But the changes did not stop there. Many alterations were made to the current design and configuration to make them more effective. For example: around the 1960s the low boy was replaced by the hi-hat (Falzerno 23). The hi-hat was a more modern and practical device that was a nd is still used today to control the tension between two cymbals held together. Another change occurred with the chinese tom-toms. They were gradually dropped in favor of either single headed tunable toms, or more modern looking toms with tunable top and bottom heads (Aldriage 12). The standard a drumset player uses now ultimately depends on the type of music they play (Barclay 1). Even as of right now the options for the modern drumset are endless. But as with any instrument, a long history of developments have and will continue to be made to the drumset. Works CitedAldriage, John. Guide to Vintage Drums. Vermont: Not So Modern Drummer, 1994. Barclay, Jim. The Evolution of the Drumset: From Baby Dodds to Dave Weckl. LaPorte: Author, n.d. Barclay, Jim. The Evolution of the Drumset: From Baby Dodds to Dave Weckl. Lecture. LaPorte High School. 24 March 1999. Early Percussion. Not So Modern Drummer 24 Feb. 1997. Online. 1 May 1998. Falzerno, Chet. The evolution of the hi-hat. Not So Modern Drummer . n.d. Rpt. in Vintage Drums. 1994.